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Wheat

Introduction

  • After maize, wheat is the second most produced food worldwide (rice is third).
  • Wheat is mainly used for human consumption. It can also be used as seed and as animal feed.
  • The grain is a staple food from which bread, biscuits, cake, cereal, pasta, noodles and couscous can be made. It is used for fermentation to make beer, alcohol and vodka (its alcohol can also be used for biofuel).
  • Other non-food uses include the production of absorbing agents for disposable diapers, cosmetics, adhesives and industrial uses such as starch on coatings.
  • The straw can be used as fodder for livestock or as a construction material for roofing thatch. To a limited extent, wheat is planted as a forage crop.
Source: A Profile of the Wheat Market Value Chain (see "Websites & publications" heading)

International business environment

  • China, EU, India, Russia, and the USA are the top producers of wheat (USDA, 2024). 
  • The top exporters of wheat, flour and products are the Russia, EU, Canada, Australia, and USA (USDA, 2024). The top importers are Egypt, Indonesia, China, EU, and Turkey (USDA, 2024).
  • South Africa remains the largest wheat producer in Sub-Saharan Africa after Ethiopia.

Further reading:

South Africa: imports and exports

  • Along with rice and palm oil, wheat remains one of the top imported commodities (BFAP, 2024).
  • South Africa imports around half of its wheat demand and so prices tend to trade at import parity levels: South African prices are affected by what is happening in the international market place.
  • The reference price that triggers the variable import tariff was dropped from 294 USD per tonne to 279 USD per tonne in mid-2017. Support for local producers is also lowered by the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the European Union which allows a quota of 300 thousand tonnes that can be imported free of this duty from the EU.
  • In 2022/23 South African imports came mainly from Poland (30.2%), Russia (15.7%), Australia (15.5%), Lithuania (13.8%), Brazil (8%), and Germany (7%) (Sagis, 2023).
    Exports went mainly to SADC countries: Zimbabwe (33.3%), Botswana (31.4%), Zambia (18%), Namibia (10.3%), and Lesotho (5.6%) (Sagis, 2023).
  • South Africa acts as a conduit for grain imported from outside the region (USDA, 2020).

Local business environment

Wheat is planted mainly between mid-April and mid-June in the winter rainfall area (Western Cape) and between mid-May and the end of July in the summer rainfall area (eastern Free State). Most of the country’s wheat is grown in the Western Cape (52.7%), where it is the dominant winter crop. The Western Cape is followed by the Free State (13.8%) and Limpopo (9.5%) provinces (DALRRD, 2024).

The wheat marketing season in South Africa commences on 1 October and ends on 30 September the following year. In a bid to protect the local industry, tariffs on imported wheat apply (see “South Africa: imports and exports” under the previous heading).

Because imports make up half of South Africa’s wheat requirements, the price farmers get for their crop is tied to import parity (and so exchange rate and world price levels play a crucial role).

Suggested reading:

  • The annual Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) Baseline covers wheat in its Winter Grains and Oilseeds chapter. Find the document at www.bfap.co.za.
  • Read the latest issue of the Koring Fokus/Wheat focus magazine at www.sagis.org.za/koringfokus.html
  • Statistics (e.g. crop estimates, export/import etc) and presentations may be found on the South African Grain Information Service (SAGIS) and the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD) websites, www.sagis.org.za and www.dalrrd.gov.za.
  • Previously the DALRRD Directorate Marketing published an annual Wheat Market Value Chain Profile on its web pages at www.dalrrd.gov.za. Check if these have resumed.
  • Wheat crop reports can be found on the Southern Africa Grain Laboratory website, www.sagl.co.za.
  • Find the Grading Regulations for wheat and requirements for grain exports at http://agbizgrain.co.za.
  • Refer to the latest articles under the “Websites & publications” heading.

For the newcomer

Find details of the Wheat production guideline document available from DALRRD and other grower notes under the “Websites & publications” heading.

As a regular wheat importing country, South Africa and its wheat industry is fully integrated into the global wheat market which has become increasingly concentrated and sophisticated, and many variables need to be taken into consideration. Exchange rate fluctuations, for example, make it a challenge for even the most sophisticated farmers to plan effectively and to be profitable.

While transformation of the industry is important for its long-term sustainability in South Africa, this transformation has to happen in an economically viable way. It is almost certainly better to help the larger, more sophisticated emerging commercial farmers to enter the industry in a viable manner than smaller, primarily subsistence level farmers.

Source: adapted from a report commissioned by the Wheat Forum investigating the potential entry and successful participation of emerging black farmers into wheat production.

                                       ***

The Agricultural Research Council’s Small Grains (ARC-SG) has an active Farmer Support Programme, and they have many projects running with the emerging farmer in mind. It runs a three-day wheat production course, specifically for students and extension officers working with emerging farmers.

National strategy and government contact

  • International Trade Administration Commission of South Africa (ITAC) www.itac.org.za
  • National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) www.namc.co.za

The Agricultural Policy Action Plan (APAP) from the last decade noted some points which still apply:

  • Wheat has a low labour multiplier, and production costs are presently high.
  • The main rationale for strengthening the wheat sector would be to ensure less dependence on imports, which contributes to volatility in consumer prices and has hurt traditional wheat growing areas.
  • The Western Cape is the country’s greatest wheat producer, yet a lot of this wheat is transported to Gauteng and beyond, and so transport costs detract from the profitability of this crop. Reducing bulk transport costs by progressively increasing use of rail was also essential. A further intervention would be to increase milling capacity in the Western Cape.
                                                 ***

The South African Cultivar & Technology Agency NPC (SACTA) was established in 2016 to administer the breeding and technology levy and make payments to the seed companies from funds collected by means of the levies. This is to encourage more cultivars and greater investment in the market, and more locally produced wheat. Visit www.sactalevy.co.za.

Role players

Note: Click to expand the headings below. To get a free listing on our website like the ones below, visit here for more information or place your order here. Disclaimer: The role player listings are not vetted by this website.

 
Piket Implements – https://piket.co.za No-till planters used mainly for wheat farmers in the Western and Southern Cape
Pannar Seeds – www.pannar.com
Tiger Brands (Albany) – www.tigerbrands.com
Meadow Feeds – www.meadowfeeds.co.za
South African Grains Farmer Association (SAGRA) – http://sagra.africa Indigenous (and other) grains
South African Chamber of Baking (SACB) – www.sacb.co.za
South African Cereals and Oilseeds Trade Association (SACOTA) – www.sacota.co.za
Agbiz Grain – www.agbizgrain.co.za
Stellenbosch University (SU) Department of Agronomy – https://agric.sun.ac.za
Grain Training Institute – www.gtinstitute.co.za Grain grading, grain silo operator, fumigation courses. Specialised services are also offered.
Grain SA – www.grainsa.co.za Included in its Farmer Development Programme is a week long introduction to producing wheat.
University of the Free State (UFS) Department of Plant Sciences – www.ufs.ac.za
South African Grain Information Service (SAGIS) – www.sagis.org.za
South African Cultivar & Technology Agency (SACTA) – https://sactalevy.co.za
Wheat Forum – The Wheat Forum is representative of major sectors involved in the wheat and wheat products industry, namely wheat producers, millers, bakers, trade unions, consumers and government that deal with policy issues of mutual concern.
Winter Cereal Trust – https://wintercerealtrust.co.za

Further reference:

Training and research

  • The Winter Cereal Trust is responsible for the allocation of funding and appraisal of relevant research projects in the winter grain industry. Since 1998, statutory levies on sales of winter cereal have been imposed to finance the Winter Cereal Trust.

 

Companies involved

  • For an extensive list go to www.sagis.org.za – take the “List of Co-workers” and then “Wheat” menu options.

Websites and publications

Visit websites listed earlier on this page.

  • The ARC-SG has the following publications: (i) Wheat Diseases in South Africa (ii) Field guide for the identification of wheat insects in South Africa (iii) Guidelines for the production of small grains in the summer rainfall region (iv) Guidelines for the production of small grains in the winter rainfall region. The Guidelines for the production of small grains in the summer rainfall region and Guideline for the production of small grains in the winter rainfall region are highly comprehensive and essential publications. Topics include management of wheat production (e.g. reaching target yields), soil tillage guidelines, cultivar choice guidelines, fertilization guidelines, and weed and insect control. For the above publications, visit www.arc.agric.za.
  • Order online at www.arc.agric.za, or call 012 842 4017 for the following publication, available from the ARC Agricultural Engineering: Agro-processing of Cereal Crops Vol. 2 (Sorghum, wheat).
  • CD Roms from the ARC-PHP (Plant Health and Protection) include: (i) Crop Pests, Vol. 4: Field Crops and Pastures Pastures  (ii) Medically Important Spiders And Scorpions Of Southern Africa. Write to booksales [at] arc.agric.za or infopri [at] arc.agric.za.
  • The AgriSETA Learner Guide Primary Agriculture “Harvesting agricultural crops” can be found at www.agriseta.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/116201_AG.pdf201_LG.pdf
  • Find the Pannar Wheat Production Guide at www.pannar.com.
  • Check whether the DALRRD‘s Directorate Marketing has resumed publishing the annual A Profile of the Wheat Market Value Chain on its web pages at www.dalrrd.gov.za. Also available on this website are the Technical Manual: Karnal Bunt of Wheat and Wheat production guidelines.
  • Find the wheat option at www.sagl.co.za, website of the Southern African Grain Laboratory (SAGL). Options cover national wheat crop and other reports.
  • Watch “Nasie in Gesprek besoek die koringbedryf” (June 2018) on YouTube.

Some articles

 

A Wheat Museum – “one of the only three of its kind in the world where the history of wheat is depicted” – can be visited in Morreesburg (Western Cape). Call 022 433 1093 or take a look at www.moorreesburgtourism.co.za/wheat-industry-museum/.

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