Energy

Energy is indispensable to the modern economy. Without it, all plans for growth and prospects for jobs come to nothing. An unreliable nature of electricity supply is one cause for lacklustre growth in any economy.

There are many applications in the agricultural value chain which require a constant, uninterrupted flow of electricity (under the next heading several of these are set out). A disruption of power at an operation like an abattoir is not only inconvenient but can lead to much suffering.

Not only the availability of power but the pricing is important. Year-on-year double digit price increases over the past decade have squeezed margins and the threatened the competitiveness of the agricultural sector. Agriculture has called on government and ESKOM to change its mindset about energy.

Two positives from the energy challenge are the resulting integration with neighbouring states that arise out of energy corridors, and the attention that is being given to renewables. Increasing the supply from private co-generation would be an effective way to alleviate the constraints (OECD, 2015). Although its Independent Power Producer Programme attracted billions of rand investment, the country’s progress with this option has been frustrating.

Contents

Energy-smart farming
Role players
International business environment
Websites and publications

Energy-smart farming

As a farmer you are a businessman, someone who is just as concerned about keeping operational costs under control as you are about your fields, crops and cattle.

As a farmer, you also know that energy costs are rising and adding significantly to operating costs. Controlling these costs means becoming more aware of energy and the ways you can use electricity more effectively without compromising your farm’s productivity.

By making small changes to the way you use power, you can ensure that you get the best value for your “energy rand” and also play a part in reducing the demand for power – especially in peak periods when the possibility of load shedding is always present.

You can make a start on effective power saving by looking at your operation and assessing the equipment you use and the tasks you use it for.

Getting optimum performance from dryers

If you use dryers on your farm, remember that they can be shut down during the drying process, or can even be switched off completely. Alternatively, heating elements can be switched off and only the fans left running. Fans can be switched off for short periods without causing damage to produce such as grains, oil seeds and lucerne in the dryer. Only use the heating elements in the case of emergencies, for example during continuously rainy days and at night during the off-peak hours. When using heat, it is essential to recirculate the heated air to the inlet of the fan as this will save energy and costs.

When heating elements are used, it is advisable to insulate the ducting to minimise heat loss through the sides. It is vital that there should be no leaks in the ducting.

Irrigation

Making it less costly means that you should match the pipe and nozzle sizes. You should also remember that pipes with a small diameter operate at higher friction levels. More electricity is therefore needed to increase the rate of water delivery and overcome the friction.

The nozzle sizes of sprayers should be checked on a regular basis. If you reduce the wear and tear, you reduce water losses due to leaking pipes. Leaking pipes mean that pumps have to deliver more water and this increases the electricity consumption. By carrying out regular maintenance, you benefit from reduced power costs and water savings.

Using cellphone and computer technology could result in major savings. It’s a fact that if you use these methods to schedule irrigation, you can save up to 30% of the energy you generally use. Making sure that water is pumped to storage dams above irrigated areas means that you can use gravity flow, even when power is not available.

Electric motors

Electric motors consume vast amounts of power. The older your motors are, the higher the chances are that they use more electricity than they should. You can reduce your bills significantly by replacing these motors with new generation “high efficiency” electric motors (Eff 1). Make sure that the motors you install can run at 3/4 of their capacity to perform everyday jobs. Running at full load for long periods requires much more power.

Dairy parlours

Saving power in the dairy parlour means rinsing the milking machines with cold water directly after milking. A complete washing cycle should take place outside Eskom’s peak hours.

Ice bank cool tanks can be used to build the ice bank during off-peak hours to pre-cool and cool milk during Eskom’s peak hours.

Coldrooms

You save electricity by keeping the doors to cold rooms properly sealed. Opening doors only when required cuts down on cold air being “leaked” into neighbouring areas. You should always also remember that overfilled coldrooms actually have a lower cooling efficiency. Air does not flow as easily between and under produce in overfilled rooms. This means that it takes longer to cool down your produce and that more electricity is needed to reach the storage temperature.

Condensers should be well ventilated to deliver the best performance. For greatest effectiveness, compressor rooms and condensers should be installed on the southern side of a building, where they are not affected by direct sunlight. You should check filters and coils regularly and see that they are always clean, and also make sure that there is enough gas in the air conditioning plant. The proper use of air curtains will also reduce the loss of conditioned air.

Coldrooms are major users of electricity. If you take several simple steps, however, cold losses can be minimised and you will benefit from lower electricity costs.

Reducing the energy needs of animal housing

Reducing the cost of animal housing begins with the building itself. Proper roof insulation ensures a cool environment throughout the year and means that less money has to be spent on additional energy to regulate temperatures. Painting a roof silver will also reflect more heat off the structure.

When using natural ventilation for animal housing, buildings should not be wider than 12 metres for optimum utilisation of wind cooling.

If you are building animal housing, remember that the long walls of the building should face north and south and the short walls should face west and east. This will help to dispel the heat that builds up inside buildings during the day.

Increasing the energy efficiency of animal feed processing plants

Animal feed processing plants usually have large numbers of electric motors. By installing a capacitor bank you can generally improve the electrical efficiency of a plant. A plant can be managed so that cleaning and operations requiring low electricity can be done during peak hours, and scheduling the actual operations outside Eskom’s peak hours.

Insulation of greenhouses

When you build greenhouses, bear in mind that a double-insulated plastic cover retains more heat and warmth in greenhouses. Keeping air and soil temperatures constant through insulation means that less energy has to be used to create warmth in the greenhouse environment.

Broiler houses

Improving insulation and optimising ventilation systems in broiler houses are crucial for curbing energy costs, particularly in winter. Find the PDF document Keeping broiler houses tight saves money at www.eskom.co.za/sites/idm/Documents/agriculture%20poultry.pdf 

Farming using alternative energy sources

As a farmer you can take steps to utilise the waste generated through normal farming operations to create energy. Harnessing the power of the sun can also save energy costs – over the years, these can add up to considerable savings and transform the way you do business.

Where considerable amounts of animal waste are present, you could investigate the possibility of using biogas installations to generate heat and electricity. These installations take the heat generated by animal waste and enable it to be piped into feedlots and piggeries for use as heating, or used for the production of cheap electricity.

Generating power

If you wish to generate emergency power for short periods, consider purchasing a standby generator. Running off petrol or diesel, these generators are custom-made for various outputs. You should consider the amount of energy you will need and seek advice from an expert when considering an installation. Keep in mind that generators should only be used in well-ventilated spaces (be careful of the carbon monoxide build-up!) and should be far enough away from buildings so that their noise does not disturb people or animals.

Energy from the sun, wind and water

There are a number of options available to utilise solar power. You should investigate which of the various options available would suit you best. Solar panels can be used to supply electricity for pumping, charging batteries for lights and any other low wattage use. However, they can be expensive, have a lifespan of approximately ten years and are vulnerable to hail and theft. They also need to be cleaned regularly as dust can reduce their efficiency.

Effective water heating can be provided through a network of black polythene and copper piping through which water is pumped. This can be installed on a roof and used to heat water for the house and/or swimming-pool.

Wind energy can be used to charge batteries that can supply power to low wattage equipment in households. Where water flows constantly from a high point, the water flow can be used to generate electricity.

Using dual fuel systems for efficiency

Dual fuel systems are generally used for heating air or water in a heating system. They are frequently used for drying and intensive animal-housing operations.

The working principle is based on using heating elements during Eskom’s off-peak hours and alternative fuel during Eskom’s peak hours. Alternative fuel options are coal, gas, diesel, oil, paraffin, wood, stalks or any other medium that is readily available in the area.

The bottom line for energy efficiency is that we all bear the responsibility of doing what we can to save power. As a farmer, you have a significant role to play. You will also benefit by making your operations more cost-effective and energy-efficient – saving money while you help our country.

Source: http://www.eskom.co.za/sites/idm/Business/Pages/Agriculture.aspx

Role players

Associations, pressure groups & NGOs

Education and research

  • Several South African universities and one research institution are involved with the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (better known as CERN) in the SA-CERN programme. See http://sa-cern.tlabs.ac.za.
  • Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA) Tel: 012 305 4911 www.necsa.co.za
  • Stellenbosch University Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (CRSES) www.crses.sun.ac.za
  • Stellenbosch University Bureau for Economic Research (BER) Tel: 021 887 2810 www.ber.ac.za
  • University of Cape Town (1) Energy Research Centre Tel: 021 650 3230 www.erc.uct.ac.za (2) Hydrogen South Africa (HySA) / Catalysis Tel: 021 650 4467 www.hysacatalysis.uct.ac.za
  • University of the Free State Institute for Groundwater Studies Tel: 051 401 2482 www.ufs.ac.za/igs [Professional opinion about fracking]
  • University of KwaZulu-Natal Mechanical Engineering Group for Solar Energy Thermodynamics (GSET) Tel: 031 260 3201 www.ukzn.ac.za
  • University of KwaZulu-Natal Energy, Food and Water Engineering Research Group http://efwe.ukzn.ac.za
  • University of the Western Cape South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry PetroSA Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre Tel: 021 959 3080 www.uwc.ac.za
  • Water Research Commission Tel: 012 761 9300 www.wrc.org.za Research on geothermal energy

Some companies

  • ABB South Africa Tel: 010 202 6995 http://new.abb.com/africa
  • Bundu Oil & Gas http://challengerenergy.com.au International fracker
  • Electro Mechanica Tel: 011 249 5000 www.em.co.za Electronic automation products
  • Eskom www.eskom.co.za The website provides contact details for Eskom power stations and visitor centres. Eskom has an Energy Advisory Service (formerly Agrelek) for farmers to help you cut costs. Services offered include: total energy analysis to identify areas of waste recommendations on process and technology improvements assessment studies to determine current and future energy needs advice on the most appropriate energy source and tariff information on the most efficient and cost-effective electro-technologies Contact an Eskom Energy Services Advisor in your region. Call 0860 037 566 or visit www.eskom.co.za/idm.
  • Falcon Oil & Gas www.falconoilandgas.com International fracker
  • Maiden Electronics Tel: 011 468 1619 www.maidenelectronics.co.za “Power solutions for Africa”
  • MBB Consulting Engineers Tel: 021 887 1026 www.mbb.co.za Energy is an area of expertise
  • PetroSA Tel: 044 601 2911 www.petrosa.co.za The refinery at Mossel Bay uses gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology
  • Power Star Tel: 087 820 1694 www.power-star.co.za
  • Prepaid Metres Tel: 087 550 0870 www.PrePaidMeters.co.za
  • SASOL Tel: 011 441 3111 www.sasol.com South Africa has a sophisticated synthetic fuels industry, producing fuel from coal
  • VOLTEX www.voltex.co.za “Your electrical connection” – branches across the country.

Regulatory and government

Relevant documents are the National Development Plan (NDP) and the Energy White Paper.

  • Central Energy Fund – CEF Group of Companies Tel: 010 201 4700 www.cefgroup.co.za
  • Department of Energy Tel: 012 406 8000 www.energy.gov.za The website provides overviews of the country’s energy strategy and energy sources (petroleum, natural gas, coal, renewable fuels, nuclear), legislation and programmes.
  • Department of Trade and Industry (the dti) www.thedti.gov.za The second phase of the South African IEE Project (2016-2020) continues the work done in Phase I – to support industry in changing energy use patters to be more efficient and sustainable. This is part of the dti’s Industrial Policy Action Plans (IPAPs). Find the 2018/19-2020/21 document at www.thedti.gov.za.
  • The National Cleaner Production Centre (NCPC) is a dti programme to “contribute to building the manufacturing industry’s competitive capability in pursuit of a low carbon economy in South Africa”. See http://ncpc.co.za.
  • National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) Tel: 012 401 4600 www.nersa.org.za

South African National Energy Development Institute (Sanedi) Tel: 010 201 4700 www.sanedi.org.za Sanedi runs state-backed programmes like SAGEN (South African-German Energy Programme) and Working for Energy.

International business environment

Some international role players

Some role players in the provision of electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa:

Read about energy supply in the SADC region at www.sadc.int (take the “Themes” and “Infrastructure” options).

Websites and publications

Visit the websites listed earlier in this chapter.

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