Introduction
Farmers in the 21st Century are greatly influenced by international commodity markets, the exchange rates, and the flow of produce between countries. The domestic price of commodities in most countries is very close to import parity (the landed price of an imported product) as farmers compete with each other for markets.
A growth in exports will be crucial to this country meeting its job creation goals and balancing its trade deficit (when we import more than we export).
As long as the global economic system creates countries that are better able to produce products more efficiently (and cheaper) than others, the world trade system – and exporting – will continue unabated.
Contents
Contents
International business environment
Trade terms (Incoterms)
Export tips
South African Revenue Service (SARS)
The Department of Trade, Industry and Competition (the dtic)
Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD)
Other government departments and state bodies
Other role players
Publications
Websites
International business environment
a) The following are included in the trade agreements to which South Africa is party:
- Southern African Development Community (SADC) (FTA),
- SADC-European Union (EU) Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA),
- SACU/Mozambique-United Kingdom (UK) EPA,
- The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA),
- SACU-MERCOSUR Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA)
- USA Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)
Further reference:
Find information on the trade agreements on websites like www.thedtic.gov.za, www.sars.gov.za, www.sacu.int and www.agbiz.co.za.
Visit the Trade Law Centre (Tralac) website at www.tralac.org for Trade Data Analysis on the different African countries, and various reports and publications.
Read the African Development Bank African Economic Outlook page at www.afdb.org/en/knowledge/publications/african-economic-outlook/
Find articles on the progress of AfCFTA under the “Some articles” sub-heading at the bottom of this page.
South Africa: imports and exports
Our export markets are diverse, spreading across the African continent, Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Americas. Wine, maize, citrus, nuts, berries, grapes, wool, fruit juices, beef, apples and pears are the top agricultural exports. The top five imported products in 2021 were palm oil, rice, wheat, poultry meat as well as whiskies and other spirits (Sihlobo, 2022).
South Africa’s exports of agricultural products, foods and beverages reached a record US$12.4 billion in 2021, according to Trade Map.
Trade data is given on www.sars.gov.za (see the “Customs and Excise” menu option). Included are overviews on the country’s trade agreements. See also www.thedtic.gov.za and the web pages of the Directorate International Trade at www.dalrrd.gov.za.
Trade terms (Incoterms)
Incoterms are standard trade definitions most commonly used in international sales contracts. Devised and published by the International Chamber of Commerce, they are at the heart of world trade.
Incoterms include:
CIF | Cost, Insurance and Freight |
CPT | Carriage paid to |
DDU | Delivered Duty Unpaid |
EXW | Ex Works |
FOB | Free On Board |
Visit the website of the International Chamber of Commerce for more information – www.iccwbo.org/incoterms.
Export tips
Avoid not having a written contract in place – whether it is with a supplier or receiver. This contract is to state the payment and delivery terms.
To avoid fraud and being tricked out of money, when you are pursuing a new deal it is vital for you to:
- Check the credentials of the company – in most countries, businesses must register and be licensed before they can operate. You can check with the companies’ registry in the relevant country. Check that the contact details exist and belong to the relevant company.
- Consider shipping your goods only after receiving money in your account, especially for new deals. Check the authenticity of bank documents. If payment is by Letter of Credit, request confirmation from your bank.
- Avoid sending too much of stock as samples. For high-value products, request payment for samples and/or payment of shipping costs. Invest in a proper and detailed brochure as a substitute for samples.
- Ask your potential clients as many questions as possible; their registration, licence number, physical address, banker, their affiliation to any trade body or association in their country. A serious buyer usually doesn’t mind answering such questions.
Source: Advice from the Africa Desk at Wesgro (the official trade and investment promotion agency of the Western Cape).
South African Revenue Service (SARS)
Find the SARS page for exporters at www.sars.gov.za/customs-and-excise/registration-licensing-and-accreditation/exporters/.
All importers and exporters in South Africa are required to register with the Commissioner of the South African Revenue Service (SARS). Forms are to be submitted to the SARS office closest to the area in which the applicant’s head office is situated. Upon registration, applicants are issued with a unique customs code number. The registration process normally takes about two to three weeks. Contact details of head office, Revenue Branch Offices (provincial), Customs Offices and more are on the website, www.sars.gov.za.
Find notes on the legislative framework (the Customs and Excise Act, 1964 (Act 91 of 1964), on the website.
The Department of Trade, Industry and Competition (the dtic)
The Department of Trade, Industry and Competition (the dtic) has played a critical role in the promotion of economic development and in increasing exports in selected target markets. In partnership with the Provincial Investment Promotion Agencies (PIPAs) (see “Providers of financial services” page), it undertakes export promotion activities, specifically in markets that are aligned to South Africa’s international relations and co-operation agreements.
Find the “Sectors and Service” and “Trade and Export” options on the website, www.thedtic.gov.za
International Trade Administration Commission (ITAC)
Find export application forms on the website.
Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD)
In terms of the regulations and the Agricultural Produce Standards Act, 1990, approval must first be sought and obtained before agricultural produce can be exported from South Africa.
The regulations set out:
- The approval process that must be followed in order to obtain necessary consent for export
- Details pertaining to the pre-export inspection, including the inspection procedure and laboratory testing requirements
- The fees relating to inspection and analysis
- The appeals process offences and penalties
The updated Step-by-Step Export Manual published by the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD), was compiled with the assistance of the Fresh Produce Exporters’ Forum (FPEF) and is freely available. Find it at www.fpef.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Export-Manual-for-the-Fruit-Industry-Aug-2021.pdf
For various notes on exports, look under the “Import and export services” option on www.dalrrd.gov.za. For notes on the different directorates, click on “Branches”. The following directorates are of particular interest to this page:
Directorate: International Trade
The directorate works closely with the dtic. It is responsible for agricultural input for trade policy. It participates in trade negotiations and implementation of trade agreements, trade research and trade intelligence.
Directorate: Animal Health
This Directorate controls and certifies the health status of animals/animal products for import or export, including the provision of quarantine facilities. It also negotiates protocols on the import and export of animals/animal products.
Directorate: Plant Health
This Directorate ensures compliance with international plant health obligations and responsibilities, thereby creating an environment for safe imports and exports. Find the Import and export notes under the Plant health option at www.dalrrd.gov.za.
NPPOZA (National Plant Protection Organisation of South Africa) www.nda.agric.za/docs/npposa/page_e.htm
Directorate: Marketing
Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance
Find the various Export certification procedures under the Food Safety and Quality Assurance option at www.dalrrd.gov.za.
Directorate: Food Import and Export Standards
All food business operators (FBOs) of legislated agricultural products of plant origin intended for export are required to register with DALRRD. The purpose of these registrations is to ensure that producers, packers, processors and freight forwarders are in line with the internationally set traceability requirements. Visit www.dalrrd.gov.za/Branches/Agricultural-Production-Health-Food-Safety/Food-Safety-Quality-Assurance/Food-Business-Operator-Registration.
The Agricultural Trade Forum (ATF), established by the National Department of Agriculture, facilitates the entire agricultural industry with regard to international trade. It is housed under the Chief Directorate: Economic Development, Trade and Marketing.
Look for the government gazette notices under the “Resource Centre” and “Publications” options at www.dalrrd.gov.za.
Other government departments and state bodies
- National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) www.namc.co.za The NAMC is involved in several ways here, from export promotion activities to supporting new agribusinesses in their endeavours to export their products. Read about the different divisions on the website.
- Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) www.ppecb.com The PPECB provides a comprehensive service to exporters, which includes the inspection and approval of equipment such as containers, specialised reefer vessels and cold stores; monitoring loading processes and the en-route temperature management of produce. The PPECB was the implementing agent for the South African Pesticide Initiative Programme (SA PIP) and SA PIP 2. Smallholder farmers were trained on responsible pesticide use, food safety, agricultural practices and legislation. This was to introduce these producers to expectations of exporting to the EU. They constitute only a small percentage of those who export fruit and vegetables and so there is huge potential here.
- Some provincial departments of agriculture work to identify export markets for agricultural produce in the province.
- Reserve Bank www.resbank.co.za Several relevant contact details are available on the website
- South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) www.sabs.co.za
The global Halal food and beverage market was valued at US$1.3 trillion in 2019, and forecast to reach US$1.38 trillion by 2024 (USDA, 2021). KwaZulu-Natal’s Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs MEC Ravi Pillay valued it at US$6.3 trillion in 2022 (Mokwena, 2022). The Middle East and in particular the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, which import 80% of their food requirements, represents the greatest potential market for South African Halal Certified products. Another market is European countries with large Muslim communities (e.g. UK, France and Germany). The WESGRO document “Halal FAQ’s for food and beverage exporters” included contact details of halal certifying bodies. The Western Cape Department of Agriculture has information on the halal value chain. See www.elsenburg.com.
Other role players
Associations and NGOs
- Many Agricultural Business Chamber (Agbiz) members are agricultural exporters. Find useful information on trade relations, trade agreements etc. at www.agbiz.co.za. Several documents specifically look at agricultural exports.
- Agbiz is a member of Business Unity South Africa (BUSA). See www.busa.org.za.
- Some Chambers are geared towards trade between two countries e.g. the French South African Chamber – www.fsacci.co.za; the Southern African German Chamber of Commerce – www.germanchamber.co.za; Southern Africa-Switzerland – www.scsa.ch; South African-Netherlands – www.sanec.co.za etc.
- The Fairtrade movement aims “to enhance trading conditions for small scale businesses, improve labour conditions for employees and empower communities through ethical and sustainable trade”. Read about Fairtrade South Africa at www.fairtrade.org.za.
- Find a list of fruit exporters at http://fpef.co.za, website of the Fresh Produce Exporters’ Forum (FPEF).
- NEDLAC www.nedlac.org.za
- The Farm Animal Unit of the National Council of SPCAs monitors the export of live animals from East London and Durban harbours. Visit www.nspca.co.za.
- Responsible Packaging Management Association (RPMASA) http://rpmasa.org.za
South African Association of Freight Forwarders (SAAFF) www.saaff.org.za
The role of the freight forwarder, alternatively called the ‘shipping and forwarding’ or ‘clearing and forwarding’ agent, is to ensure that cargo is transported across international boundaries in the most efficient and economical way.
- South African Association of Ship Operators and Agents (SAASOA) www.saasoa.co.za
- South African Cereals and Oilseeds Trade Association (SACOTA) https://sacota.co.za
- South African Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SACCI) www.sacci.org.za
- Find “Export advice & info” at www.saflec.co.za, website of the South African Footware & Leather Export Council (SAFLEC).
Export councils
In partnership with the dtic, Export Councils have been given a forum to address all obstacles and proposals that may affect their ability to export successfully. This takes the form of a National Export Advisory Council, chaired by the Minister. The export council’s database may be found on www.thedtic.gov.za. Included are organisations like the Fresh Produce Exporters’ Forum, Farmed Abalone Export Council, South African Flower Export Council, Wines of South Africa (WOSA), South African Ostrich Business Chamber and the SA Fruit and Vegetable Exporters’ Council.
Various industry associations and Joint Action Groups are also involved. Find all contact details on www.thedtic.gov.za.
Finance
Commercial banks assist with export credits, guarantees and letters of credit. The Credit Guarantee Insurance Corporation of South Africa administers an export credit insurance scheme on behalf of the dtic. Also involved are regional and province-specific state role players e.g. WESGRO and Tshwane Economic Development Agency (TEDA). Find details of these on the “Providers of financial services” page.
African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund
c/o Department of International Relations and Co-operation
www.dirco.gov.za
Coface
www.cofaceza.com
Credit insurance products
Credit Guarantee
www.creditguarantee.co.za
Find the export credit insurance under the “Products and services” menu. The purpose of the scheme is to finance small to medium-sized businesses which lack the financial resources to execute export orders. The scheme enables the prospective exporter to obtain finance from a number of participating banks.
The Export Credit Insurance Corporation of South Africa Limited (ECIC) located within the Department of Trade and Industry
www.ecic.co.za
A project can qualify for 85% finance if a South African content of at least 50% of the total project value is achieved.
Industrial Development Corporation (IDC)
www.idc.co.za
JSE Limited
www.jse.co.za
If you are an exporter, foreign exchange is one of your top risks. A rand futures market exists allowing agribusinesses and farmers to hedge themselves against negative movements in the exchange rate, reducing risks and uncertainty.
Lombard Insurance Group
www.lombardins.com
Credit insurance products
Prestige Credit Insurance Consultants
www.prestigecredit.co.za
Credit insurance for protection on your dealings with exports debtors
Santam Marine
www.associatemarine.co.za/index.html
SASFIN Bank
www.sasfin.com
Import/export trade finance experts
Logistics and transport
- Bidvest Panalpina Logistics www.bpl.za.com
- Bollore Africa Logistics www.bollore-africa-logistics.com
- Cargo Services www.cargoservices.co.za
- CH Logistics www.chlogistics.co.za
- Clear Freight www.clearfreight.co.za
- Contour Logistics www.contourlogistics.co.za
- DB Schenker Logistics www.dbschenker.co.za
- Deugro (SA) www.deugro.com
- DSV www.dsv.com
- FPT Group www.fpt.co.za
- Hellmann Worldwide Logistics www.hellmann.net/southafrica
- International Procurement & Logistics www.ipl-ltd.com
- Kintetsu Global Logistics Partner www.kwe.co.za
- Kuehne & Nagel www.kn-portal.com
- Meridian Logistix http://meridianlogistix.co.za
- MSC Logistics www.msclogistics.com
- Portnex International Tel: 11 783 0541 / 69 www.portnex.com/agri-value-chain/
- Sasfin Premier Logistics www.sasfin.com
- SAFT Group www.saft.co.za
- Santova Logistics www.santova.co.za
- South African Bulk Terminals (SABT) http://sabulk.co.za
- Toll Global Forwarding www.tollgroup.com/tollglobalforwarding
- TransAfrica Freight www.transafricafreight.com
Training and research
AgriAcademy SA www.agriacademy.co.za The export readiness training course is an agriculture-focused distance learning course for the producer who plans to start exporting.
Business Unity South Africa (BUSA) facilitates training workshops for SMMEs interested in exporting. Visit www.busa.org.za.
The chamber movement addresses all issues affecting the business community, including exporting. Find out how your nearest Chamber of Commerce can help you. We list some of these below:
- Cape Chamber of Commerce and Industry – www.capechamber.co.za
- Randburg Chamber of Commerce and Industry – www.rcci.co.za
- Johannesburg Chamber of Commerce and Industry – www.jcci.co.za
- South Coast Business Chamber – http://sccci.org.za
- Mangaung Chamber of Commerce and Industry – www.bcci.co.za
- Zululand Chamber of Commerce – www.zcci.org.za
- Pietermaritzburg Chamber of Business – www.pcb.org.za
Customs Services (Pty) Ltd www.customsservices.co.za
The Department of Trade, Industry & Competition (the dtic) runs the Global Export Passport Initiative, a training programme for companies and small exporters.
Freight Training (Pty) Ltd www.freighttraining.co.za
Top of the Class (TOC) is a well-known training programme for the fruit industry, initiated by the Fresh Produce Exporters’ Forum (FPEF) more than ten years ago. Find details on www.fpef.co.za.
Global Maritime Legal Solutions (GMLS) www.gmls.co.za Training and consulting in exporting
Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) BRICS Research Centre www.hsrc.ac.za/en/departments/brics-research-centre
International Trade Institute of South Africa (ITRISA) www.itrisa.co.za Short courses and distance education: Certificate in International Trade, Advance Certificate in International Trade as well as National Diploma in Export/Import Management.
Maritime, Ports, Transport and Logistics Academy (MPTLA) www.sun.ac.za/english/faculty/economy/logistics/Pages/MPTL%20Academy/MPTL-Academy.aspx Offers short courses and management development programmes
North-West University School of Economics https://commerce.nwu.ac.za/es/internationaltrade Visit the website to see the offerings in International Trade.
The Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) is involved in programmes to build capacity. The Agri Export Technologist Programme is one of these. Find more at https://ppecb.com.
Skills Development Specialists www.sdstraining.co.za
The South African Board of Standards (SABS) offers training courses for GlobalG.A.P. Find contact details under “Other government departments and state bodies” heading.
South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) www.saiia.org.za
TIPS www.tips.org.za
TMS Training Services www.hochfeld.co.za Training courses include Ships Chartering, Trade Finance and Forex for better Business.
Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa (TRALAC) www.tralac.org “Building capacity to help Africa trade better”
TRADE Research Advisory (Trade and Development) Wilma.viviers [at] nwu.ac.za Research niche areas – focusing research on export promotion and identifying South Africa’s export opportunities. See https://commerce.nwu.ac.za/trade/research-and-commercial-projects.
The University of Cape Town runs an “Import and Export Management” short course. Take a look at www.getsmarter.co.za or call 021 447 7565 for more information.
University of South Africa (UNISA) Centre for Business Management Tel: 012 429 4376 www.unisa.ac.za/cbm A 12-month, distance education certificate course in exporting is offered.
Consultants and other services
The various umbrella bodies like the South African Table Grapes Industry offer exporters information and services.- AgriBusiness Systems international (ABSi) www.absi.co.za
- Agrihub provides real time shipping information for the fruit industry. See www.agrihub.co.za.
- The Agricultural and Industrial Marketing Company secures trade and finance instruments from banks, finds logistics solutions for communities, does project management and more. Visit www.theaimco.com.
- Bamic Enterprises provides covers and equipment for containers. See http://bamicenterprises.com/
- Biozone https://biozone.co.za prolong the lifespan of products in storage and in transit
- BMI Research www.bmi.co.za Market research activities
- Customs Services (Pty) Ltd www.customsservices.co.za
- DFM Technologies https://dfmtechnologies.co.za (For software that allows the user to create chemical and fertiliser instructions required for GLOBALG.A.P., Nature’s Choice and the export market).
- Euromonitor Cape Town www.euromonitor.com Market research activities
- Expand Into Africa www.expandintoafrica.com
- FarmDirect http://farm-direct.co.za “Unifying growers and markets worldwide”
- Hilton Lambert www.hiltonlambert.com Trade law specialists
- Nielsen Company South Africa www.nielsen.com/za/en.html market research activities
- The Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) offers various services to exporters. Find contact details under “Other government departments and state bodies” heading.
- TRADE (Trade and Development) Wilma.viviers [at] nwu.ac.za (research niche areas – focusing research on export promotion and identifying South Africa’s export opportunities).
- Veterinary Import-Export Authority (VIEA) helps solve issues relating to agricultural products. See http://vetimportexport.com.
Provincial Government support
All provinces have trade and investment promotion agencies. Find their details on the “Providers of financial services” page.
International trade organisations
- AIIPA (Associazione Italiana Industrie Prodotti Alimentari) www.aiipa.it
- Fachverband der Gewürzindustrie eV (Association of the German Spice Industry) www.gewuerzindustrie.de
- FEDALIM, a cluster of federation and unions in the food industry www.fedalim.com
- Finnish Food Industry Federation www.etl.fi
- Food and Drink Federation www.fdf.org.uk
- GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH www.giz.de
- ICE Italian Trade Promotion Agency www.italtrade.com
- International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) www.ictsd.org
- International Chamber of Commerce www.iccwbo.org
- Norad (Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation) www.norad.no
- OTA (Organic Trade Association) North America www.ota.com
- SIDA (Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency) www.sida.se
- SIPPO (Swiss Import Promotion Programme) www.s-ge.com/global/export/en
- UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) www.unctad.org
- WTO (World Trade Organization) www.wto.org
Publications
- Fresh Fruit Export Directory – call 021 526 0474 or visit www.fpef.co.za.
- Two publications from DALRRD (both downloadable): (i) Step-by-step Export Manual for exporters of South African processed fruits, vegetables and nuts (2014) (ii) The Step-by-step Export Manual for the South African Fruit Industry (2021)
- The annual Food Trade SA publication from PPECB at https://ppecb.com/documents is is a good source for statistics. It also has a chapter on step-by-step export advice for the new South African exporter.
- Uniway Sourcing. 2021. A Complete Guide on Doing Overseas Business. Available at https://uniway-sourcing.com/sourcing-tips/a-complete-guide-on-doing-overseas-business/
- Find the INTERNATIONAL Trade Probe, a joint initiative between the NAMC and DALRRD’s Directorate International Trade, at www.namc.co.za. Each edition carries information relevant to exporting/importing.
- Booklets and guides are available from the South African Revenue Service (SARS) e.g. Agreements, Trade Agreements and Preferential Dispensations administered by the South African Revenue Services.
- World Bank. 2020, July 27. The African Continental Free Trade Area: Economic and Distributional Effects. Available at www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/publication/the-african-continental-free-trade-area
- Sandrey R., Viljoen W., Ntshangase T. et al. 2018. Agriculture and the African continental free trade area. For a full copy of the book go to: www.tralac.org/publications/article/13449-agriculture-and-the-african-continental-free-trade-area.html
- Chapter 6 of the Africa Agriculture Status Report 2019 is “Agricultural Trade in Africa in an era of Food System Transformation: Policy Implications”.
- The Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands study The Current State of Fruit & Vegetable Agro-Processing in South Africa includes a look at access to international markets. Find the document at https://agbiz.co.za/uploads/AgbizNews19/190215_Current-state-of-agro-processing-in%20SA.pdf
- Export & Import Southern Africa is published monthly and aimed at all exporters and export service providers. See www.exportsa.co.za or call 011 726 3081.
- The Exporter’s Manual is updated regularly by the Johannesburg Chamber of Commerce. It forms the basis of its export management certificate courses. Visit www.jcci.co.za.
Websites
Visit websites of role players mentioned on this page.
- Find the US Department of Agriculture guides for exporting to several global destinations (including South Africa) at www.fas.usda.gov.
- Care to find out how countries fare in the competitive rankings? Two reports are the World Competitiveness Report (produced by the IMD Business School in Switzerland), and the Global Competitiveness Report (produced by the World Economic Forum in Switzerland). Visit www.imd.org and www.weforum.org.
- Find the trade briefs, working papers etc at www.tralac.org (Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa). Download the latest weekly customs, excise, tariff and trade remedy summary notification.
- Read the information on www.agbiz.co.za on trade relations.
- COMESA, EAC and SADC implement a Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) reporting, monitoring and eliminating mechanism. See www.tradebarriers.org.
- www.cbi.eu – the Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries (CBI) provides market information, export promotion, matching, advice on import enquiries, and environmental information for exporters from developing countries.
- www.bilaterals.org – read about “everything that is not happening at the WTO”
- FreshPlaza: global fresh produce news, www.freshplaza.com
- Southern Africa’s Freight News www.freightnews.co.za
- FTW Online “for import/export decision makers” – www.ftwonline.co.za
- The CTA’s monthly news update on agricultural trade issues – subscribe at http://agritrade.cta.int
- www.exporthelp.co.za – “Your online export helpdesk”
- www.fas.usda.gov – Foreign Agricultural Service (the United States Department of Agriculture)
- International Air Transport Association (IATA) www.iata.org
- International Trade Centre (ITC), the “Development partner for export success” – www.intracen.org
- www.trademap.org – International Trade Centre website for “trade statistics for international business development”
- www.macmap.org – Market Access Map, “making import tariffs and market access barriers transparent”
- www.mbendi.co.za – the global information resource for business and travel.
- www.thefoodworld.com – this website lists companies worldwide who supply food.
- World Bank www.worldbank.org
- World Customs Organisation – www.wcoomd.org
Some articles
- Read the Agribook blogs “Exporting in the Global Village” and “Exporting: 8 lessons from tiny Holland“.
- Mokwena T. 2022, March 30. “Here’s how the halal market can benefit SA”. Eye Witness News. Available at https://ewn.co.za/2022/03/30/here-s-how-the-halal-market-can-benefit-sa
- Boon J-K. 2021, December 22. “South Africa again exports more fruit in 2021; mandarin exports 30% higher”. Fresh Plaza. Available at www.freshplaza.com/article/9385397/south-africa-again-exports-more-fruit-in-2021-mandarin-exports-30-higher/
- Sihlobo W. 2021, November 5. “The EU’s Green Deal: opportunities, threats and risks for South African agriculture”. Available at https://wandilesihlobo.com/2021/11/05/the-eus-green-deal-opportunities-threats-and-risks-for-south-african-agriculture/
- Reporter. 2021, October 27. “SA exports to EU could slow down following Farm to Fork Strategy”. AgriOrbit. Available at www.agriorbit.com/sa-exports-to-eu-could-slow-down-following-farm-to-fork-strategy/
- Kapuya T. & Sihlobo W. 2021, October 27. “The EU Green Deal: how will it impact South African agricultural exports?”. Econ3x3. Available at www.econ3x3.org/node/463
- Sihlobo W. & Kapuya T. 2021, October 21. “Why South African agricultural products face frontiers in African markets”. Econ 3×3. Available at www.econ3x3.org/article/why-south-african-agricultural-products-face-frontiers-african-markets
- Sihlobo W. 2021, September 22. “The complexity of South Africa’s trade policy in agriculture”. Available at www.agbiz.co.za/document/open/the-complexity-of-south-africas-trade-policy-in-agriculture
- Hudson J. 2021, September 15. “Opinion: Could South Africa’s logistics crisis derail the citrus sector’s stellar growth trajectory?” Engineering News. Available at www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/opinion-could-south-africas-logistics-crisis-derail-thecitrussectors-stellar-growth-trajectory-2021-09-15
- Sihlobo W. 2021, September 7. “South African farmers grasp the logic of logistics”. Business Day. Available at www.agbiz.co.za/document/open/sa-farmers-grasp-the-logic-of-logistics
- Majola G. 2021, August 11. “SA records agricultural trade surplus of R22bn”. IOL. Available at www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/sa-records-agricultural-trade-surplus-of-r22bn-fa36b158-5743-4eed-9473-41b169f156e9
- Silaule Y. 2021, June 22. “Ports authority to become an independent subsidiary of Transnet”. Polity. Available at www.polity.org.za/article/south-africa-to-revamp-ailing-port-system-says-ramaphosa-2021-06-22
- Institute for Security Studies. 2021, June 7. “Gains from Africa’s single market must be equitable”. Polity. Available at www.polity.org.za/article/gains-from-africas-single-market-must-be-equitable-2021-06-07
- Luiz J. 2021, May 26. “Africa’s free trade area offers great promise. But only if risks are managed with resolve”. The Conversation. Available at https://theconversation.com/africas-free-trade-area-offers-great-promise-but-only-if-risks-are-managed-with-resolve-161535
- Majola G. 2021, May 14. “SA agriculture told to seize the day and sow AfCTA opportunities”. IOL. Available at www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/sa-agriculture-told-to-seize-the-day-and-sow-afcta-opportunities-a4470bf7-fcda-4462-8ff3-d3b08efe5a42
- Sihlobo W. 2021, April 25. “South Africa’s agriculture master plan hinges on logistics industry”. Available at https://wandilesihlobo.com/2021/04/25/south-africas-agriculture-master-plan-hinges-on-logistics-industry/
- Sihlobo W. 2021, March 24. “Brics countries offer export opportunities to SA’s booming agricultural sector”. Agbiz. Available at www.agbiz.co.za/document/open/brics-countries-offer-export-opportunities
- Dludla S. 2021, February 16. “Agricultural exports record second-largest level on record in 2020”. Business Report. Available at www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/agricultural-exports-record-second-largest-level-on-record-in-2020-b673e353-9c59-48b0-a517-d45756279387
- Creamer T. 2020, July 28. “Without infrastructure and manufacturing, AfCFTA will fall short – senior African policymaker”. Polity. Available at www.polity.org.za/article/without-infrastructure-and-manufacturing-afcfta-will-fall-short-senior-african-policymaker-2020-07-28
- Ntombela S. 2020, May 12. “Post-coronavirus recovery – a chance to review SA’s trade policies”. Fin24. Available at www.fin24.com/Opinion/sifiso-ntombela-post-coronavirus-recovery-a-chance-to-review-sas-trade-policies-20200511
- Institute for Security Studies. 2020, April 24. “The AfCFTA gets locked down for the year”. Polity. Available at www.polity.org.za/article/the-afcfta-gets-locked-down-for-the-year-2020-04-24
- Young C. 2020, April 2. “A shipping industry leader explains how to keep supply chains moving amid a pandemic”. World Economic Forum. Available at www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/a-shipping-ceo-explains-how-to-keep-supply-chains-moving-amid-a-pandemic/
- Bloomberg. 2020, February 28. “South Africa could lose out on tariffs under Africa trade deal”. Engineering News. Available at www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/south-africa-could-lose-out-on-tariffs-under-africa-trade-deal-2020-02-28
- Erasmus D. 2020, February 26. “Budget hints at plans to reverse SA ports’ efficiency decline”. Farmer’s Weekly. Available at www.farmersweekly.co.za/agri-news/south-africa/budget-hints-at-plans-to-reverse-sa-ports-efficiency-decline/
- Reporter. 2020, February 20. “Agricultural sector one of the sectors with the ‘greatest potential for growth'”. Fresh Plaza. Available at https://www.freshplaza.com/article/9191648/agricultural-sector-one-of-the-sectors-with-the-greatest-potential-for-growth/
- Bloomberg. 2020, January 30. “Prowling lions, corrupt officials block roads to Africa trade”. Engineering News. Available at www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/prowling-lions-corrupt-officials-block-roads-to-africa-trade-2020-01-30
- Sihlobo W. 2019, August 5. “Does the African Free Continental Free Trade Agreement offer opportunities for SA Agriculture?” Agbiz. Available at https://agbiz.co.za/uploads/AgbizNews19/190807_SA%20Agricultural%20Market%20Viewpoint%2005%20August%202019.pdf
- Frykberg, M. 2019, July 10. “UN supports development of the African Continental Free Trade Area”. IOL. Available at www.iol.co.za/business-report/international/un-supports-development-of-the-african-continental-free-trade-area-28974437
- The dti (now dtic) update, the presentation “The Agreement establishing the AfCFTA” (18 June 2019) can be viewed at https://agbiz.co.za/uploads/AgbizNews19/AfCFTA_Presentation%20to%20TIC_NEDLAC_19%20June%202019.pdf
- In a November 2018 presentation which compared South African access to fruit markets in the Far East with other fruit producers, BFAP showed that there is a potential for R6 billion additional exports “if we get things right”. Find the presentation at https://agbiz.co.za/uploads/AgbizNews18/Agbiz%20Info%20Day_Ferdi%20Meyer_01%20November%202018%20[Repaired].pdf
- Find the article “Africa’s CFTA promises to resolve the continent’s spaghetti challenge of trade agreements (2017, September 28)” by Sifiso Ntombela at https://agbiz.co.za/news/612/105/Africa-s-CFTA-promises-to-resolve-the-continent-s-spaghetti-challenge-of-trade-agreements
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